Monday, May 25, 2020

_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck, Chris Olsen, Jay Devore Acquisitions Editor: Carolyn Crockett Development Editor: Danielle Derbenti Assistant Editor: Beth Gershman Editorial Assistant: Ashley Summers Technology Project Manager: Colin Blake Marketing†¦show more content†¦in statistics at Stanford University. He previously taught at the University of Florida and at Oberlin College and has had visiting appointments at Stanford, Harvard, the University of Washington, and New York University. From 1998 to 2006, Jay served as Chair of the Statistics Department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The Statistics Department at Cal Poly has an international reputation for activities in statistics education. In addition to this book, Jay has written several widely used engineering statistics texts and is currently working on a book in applied mathematical statistics. He is the recipient of a distinguished teaching award from Cal Poly and is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In his spare time, he enjo ys reading, cooking and eating good food, tennis, and travel to faraway places. He is especially proud of his wife, Carol, a retired elementary school teacher, his daughter Allison, who works for the Center for Women and Excellence in Boston, and his daughter Teri, who is ï ¬ nishing a graduate program in education at NYU. ROXY PECK is Associate Dean of the College of Science and Mathematics and Professor of Statistics at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Roxy has been on the faculty at Cal Poly since 1979, serving for six years as Chair of the Statistics Department before becoming Associate Dean. She received an M.S. in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Applied Statistics from the

Friday, May 15, 2020

Immigration Migration And The United States - 1529 Words

Immigration/Migration Immigration and migration are two different things, diffen.com defines them as â€Å"immigration means for an individual or a family to move to a new country from their country of origin with due formalities at the embassy, the word migration denotes the act of moving from one place to another - within a country or across borders, for people or birds, and usually refers not to a single individual or family but a a larger demographic.† Immigrants bring a lot of factors to the United States. From cultural, economic, and jobs. Cultural factors include bringing different religions, teachings, foods, clothing’s, music and arts to the United States. The economy is growing each year with the help of immigrants and is going to†¦show more content†¦Culture is a big thing here in the United States, it’s what defines a person. Having cultures from other countries is a huge advantage to the country, knowing different religions, foods, teachings, history is beneficia l to the country. It benefits the country because it’s something different, and different is not always bad; it’s a new way to learn and fix the mistakes. Hiffingpos.com says â€Å"Across the board, be it Korean, Ethiopian, or Armenian food, most traditional cuisines emphasize a diet of whole grains, many vegetables, and good fats. As Pollan affirms, there is a very low incidence of ‘first world’ diseases like diabetes and heart disease among people eating traditional diets. As a society, we are greatly informed by the presence of immigrant communities that bring their traditional cuisines to this country. There is much that we have learned and much more that we must continue to learn from immigrants regarding our diets.† Every time you go to New York especially in the suburbs you will see food stands on the sidewalk. Many of those food stands are Hispanics: Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Mexicans. Those small businesses areShow MoreRelatedC auses Of Migration851 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are migration patterns? Migration patterns are the movement by people from one place to another with wanting to settle down. The movement is usually over a long distance and/or from one country to another. Human patterns of movement are because of the conditions of a changing world and the impact of the cultural landscapes of both the places people migrate from and the places they settle. What is migration? Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. What is immigration? ImmigrationRead MoreSandra Cisneros And Reyna Grande’S Representation Of Their1220 Words   |  5 Pagesher identity formation. Her father was a Mexican by birth and after migrating to the United States serves in the United States army (Cisneros 2015:193). His service with the U.S. army does not terminates his relationship with Mexico, in fact he continues to identity as Mexican and for Cisneros being the daughter of a Mexican was important for the development of her personal identity. She is the product of migration and a second generation immigrant in Chicago. As the daughter of a Mexican she grewRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States And Germany840 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction A. What is Immigration? i. Immigration is the act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. ii. Constantine compares the desire to migrate to an urge , â€Å"People seem to be drawn toward those places which offer a promise of better- ing life, by an urge which is as relent- less as that which impels water in its course.† iii. Before the era of rapid communications and transportation, America encouraged relatively open immigration to settle its empty lands. B. Why Do PeopleRead MoreHispanic Immigration And The United States850 Words   |  4 PagesHispanic immigration to the United States stems primarily from uniquely developed push-pull migration mechanisms in which â€Å"interplay of national, regional, and global economic developments, the history of U.S. military and foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, the checkered history of international border enforcement and interdiction efforts, and, not least, the aspirations of Latin American migrants and potential migrants themselves† (Gutierrez). In other words, migration from Latin AmericanRead MoreThe Social Issues That Affect All Citizens Of The United1479 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States of America in 2017 In the early months of 2017, the United States of America has already faced a crucial change, the election of a new president. The election of President Trump will impact social issues that affect citizens of the United States of America. For example, the two most important social issues that will impact citizens of the United States of America in 2017 include immigration and health care. Another aspect that affects immigration and health care in the United StatesRead MoreCan Immigration Control Be Sustained Or Is It Unsustainable?882 Words   |  4 PagesCan immigration control be sustained or is it unsustainable†¦.? Before knowing about the sustainability of the immigration let us first know what immigration is, it is nothing but movement of people or an individual or groups of people from one place to another place but the destination country they arrive is not their native but a different country where they don’t have that country’s citizenship and they are not the locals of the country. The main purpose of their migration maybe in search of employmentRead MoreBenefits And Costs Of Immigration927 Words   |  4 Pages Benefits and costs of immigration When it comes to the topic of immigration, most of us will readily agree that both illegal and legal immigration is an issue in the United States. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of the economy. Whereas some are convinced that the United States economy benefits from both illegal and legal migration, others maintain there are costs in allowing immigration. Increased immigration would expand the American work force, and encourage moreRead MoreImmigration in America: cause and effects1704 Words   |  7 Pageseffects that immigration has caused in the United States Of America, and how migration has centered around the countryThe search for food and new land has driven humans from one end to another end. With time, the need increased into the quest of knowledge and thirst of wisdom, eventually as the periods started to pass by, development started in some countries, and some countries were left far behind. This partial development of the world brought a n ew kind of movement, known as migration. CountriesRead MoreReassessment of International Instruments in the Field of Migration1026 Words   |  5 Pagesof increasingly complex nature of current migration flows with traditional institutional and legal systems of handling immigration, according to which each category of migrants received its clear and unambiguous definition. This concern has led to a reassessment of international instruments in the field of migration. Phenomenon of immigration Orderly international migration can have a positive impact on the countries of origin and host countries. Migration can also facilitate the transfer of skillsRead MoreCuban Migration into the U.S. Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesCuban Migration into the U.S. There have been several regions of United States that have gone through cultural changes throughout time. The indigenous people on the East coast went through a cultural change when the pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock. The people that lived in the North went through a cultural change when the French entered by the St. Lawrence River bringing their Roman Catholicism religion. The people that were living in what is now Alaska went through cultural change when

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Ethics Of Medical Expenses - 1861 Words

It is common for individuals in the United States to deduct surgeries as medical expense. Whether they claim the surgery to be a legitimate medical condition that needs to be treated or in some cases professionals will deduct their surgery as business expense. Profession is defined as a paid occupation that is involved in training and formal qualification. It is the skills that he or she has that are engaged in a specific activity, as the individual is using the skill to be competent in performing the activity. According to  ¶ 1506 of the Federal Tax Handbook it explains that business expense is when â€Å"Individuals, corporations and other taxpayers generally can deduct ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the tax year in carrying on any trade or business† However, the issue that arises is that the Tax Handbook does not clearly define what requires one to be a business or what the limits are for a individual or business to claim a medical expense to be deductible. It explains in  ¶ K-2400 that medical expenses are paid during the taxable year which are deductible, this is regardless of the event or incident or event which occasioned the expenses occurred and regardless of the method of accounting by the taxpayer. In IRC 213 it explains that deductible medical expenses are paid for the diagnosis cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or the purpose of affecting any structure or function of the body. It is the physicians discretion to decideShow MoreRelatedInmates and Organ Transplants: An Ethical Dilemma Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s medical field there is a profuse amount of room for ethical questioning concerning any procedure performed by a medical professional. According to the book Law Ethics for Medical Careers, by Karen Judson and Carlene Harrison, ethics is defined as the standards of behavior, developed as a result of one’s concept of right and wrong (Judson, Harrison, 2010). With that in mind, organ transplants for inmates has become a subject in which many people are asking questions as to whether itRead MoreCase Analysis : Hewsen Chemical Inc.1229 Words   |  5 PagesSatina Tuladhar Dr. Makkawi ACCT 406.101 10/19/14 Ethics Case: Articview Hewsen Chemical Inc. is a small, privately-held producer of specialty chemicals used in testing labs and other manufacturing firms. Mary Benninger got a position as controller and office manager at Hewsen Chemical. After working for few years, Mary started to notice some unethical behavior of her supervisors. Mary seeks advice of her old friend Tom Chu on how she should react to the unethical things taking place inside theRead MoreChallenges Facing The Health Care Industry1626 Words   |  7 Pagesdemographic changes of aging population and professional providers responsibilities to practice within the code of ethics. A solution is recommended to each challenge in healthcare with suggestion of more research needed to improve quality care performance, avoid workers shortage crisis and strategy to decrease health care expenses. Keywords: quality care, ethics, demographic, health reform, aging Future challenges in health care Introduction One ofRead MoreThe Ethics Of Public Health863 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to the ethic of public health and medical health, they hold two totally different definitions. The ethics of public health is when the focus is more on the freedoms of privacy and actions, as long as they do not harm others.â€Å"In public health ethics, autonomy, the right of privacy, and freedom of action are recognized in so far as they do not result in harm to others† (Williams Torrens, 2008). When considering medical ethics the focus on the concerns of individuals and their libertiesRead MoreCase Analysis : Incident At Morales1189 Words   |  5 Pages1. Incident at Morales â€Å"Incident at Morales† is a video that presents an engineering ethics story. It was developed and produced by the National Institute for Engineering Ethics, in conjunction with Murdough center for Engineering Professionalism at Texas Tech University. In addition to this, a lot of funding came from other companies, engineering universities, societies, as well as individual contributors. The main focus of this video is the ethical responsibilities that engineers have to face alongRead MoreHealthcare Accounting Principles and Ethics1160 Words   |  5 PagesNon-Compensation: Precise details of the financial information should be represented, and auditors should not attempt to compensate a debt with an asset, a revenue with an expense, etc. Principle of Prudence: Prudence is an accounting principle that ensures assets and income are not exaggerated and that liabilities and expenses are not underreported. Principle of Continuity: One should assume while reporting financial information, business will not be interrupted. This principle accepts thatRead MoreThe Case Of Marguerite M Presents An Ethical Dilemma889 Words   |  4 PagesThe case of Marguerite M presents an ethical dilemma. Medical ethics play a special role in medicine and is directly concerned with its practice. Its role has continued to evolve as changes develop in medicine with new technology, financing and medical care. Furthermore, medical ethics considers the virtues of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice among some of its most respected. Physicians are sworn to non-maleficence, or to first do no harm. Their work is to help others, beneficenceRead MoreWhy is Having Medical Benefits Important?857 Words   |  4 PagesMedical benefits have been a popular conversation that has received positive and negative feedback. Why is having medical benefits important? Important to you and your family. Medical benefits can assist with families when in need and also financially hurt families that do not have assistance. Most citizens have the question of should having medical benefits be mandated by Congress. Having insurance benefits is a necessity because it means that if an accident was to occur and it required a hospitalRead MoreEuthanasia Is Morally Permissible?850 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, as defined by many philosophers, should only be morally permissible in certain circumstances where it benefits the one who dies. It is a widely held belief that an act of euthanasia aims at benefiting the one who dies. Using Kantian ethics as a model, one can determine that: It is morally permissible to engage in voluntary acts of euthanasia; it is morally permissible to engage in acts of nonvoluntary euthanasia, and; it is never morally permissible to engage in acts of involuntary euthanasiaRead MoreEthical Principles in the Medical Field1063 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Ethics Patients should be treated with respect and politely since they are in a fragile state and more so, they have their own right as an individual. It is the duty of a caregiver or anyone responsible for his /her health to do anything in order to promote the patients health. Therefore, it is wrong for somebody taking care of a patient, to burden or impose strenuous activities on him/her. In this case, the first thing to do after learning of the events which has taken place in you absence

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

The purpose of this assignment... free essay sample

The purpose of this assignment is to reflect and analyze the concepts and theories that I have learned so far in this course. In this assignment I will explore and analyze three learning theories, identifying the major concepts of each theory and explaining how each theory applies to adult learning. I will further demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of the theoretical concepts by developing and explaining strategies that I can put into practice in future learning sessions.if teaching is about helping others learn, then we as teachers ought to understandthe learning process of adults?people who, like us, have spent many years inschools, many years in society, and in some cases, many years working inbusiness.Adults don?t learn like children. Adults are more discerning in what they are willingto learn, more questioning, and more resentful of being told what to learn. They need to seemore clearly how what they are being asked to learn will benefit them; for adults, learningis much more utilitarian than it is for children. Whether for children or adults, learning theories abound. We could consider thetheories of Thorndike, Pavlov, Guthrie, Tolman, Hull, Skinner, the Gestalt theorists, Piaget,Freud, Knox, Knowles, Kolb, Bruner, and others. An exhaustive treatment of them,however, would consume this book and more. A variety of good books summarizes thesetheories; references for some of them are given at the end of this chapter. What we want todo here is to outline the chief characteristics of some practical models of adult learning thatcan provide a basis for discussion and inform your preparations for teaching.Kolbs Experiential Learning Theory David Kolb proposed that learning was an experiential process and developed a model of learning called the Experiential Learning Theory. Kolbs theory consists of an experiential learning cycle in which a four stage process describes how we acquire and embed new knowledge. The theory suggests that we change as a result of experience, reflection, conceptualization and experimentation. The theory is presented as a four stage process with concrete experience at the top of the cycle. Kolb contends that for new knowledge to be effectively learned, an individual must progress through all four stages.The experiential theory of Kolb (1984) suggests that the learning cycle consists of four primary stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. According to Kolb, individual differences in these stages give rise to learning styles.Kolb (1984) developed the experimental learning theory (learning by doing) by this he suggested that learning is not fixed but formed from previous experiences. Kolb learning theory which is cyclical affirmed that people have different learning style and he identified four distinct learning styles as shown in figure 1 below includes concrete experience (having an experience ), reflective observation( taking time to reflective on their experience from different perspective), abstract conceptualization ( drawing their conclusions) and active experimentation ( putting theory into practice). For effective learning to happen Kolb said all this four must be taking into context when planning a teaching session. Learning takes place when a person has an experience, then reflects on that experience, which leads to an analysis and formation of abstract concepts and generalizations, which are then used in experimentation to test the hypothesis.So why does Kolbs Experiential Learning theory matter? Kolbs experiential learning theory can be used to promote reflection and self-led learning in practice. It is also one of the mechanisms that allows more ad vanced instructors to achieve mastery and to innovate new solutions to problems in the learning environment. Knowledge of learning styles can help us better understand our adult learners and realize that they are all unique. Some impacts include (Organizational Application): Based on Kolb theory, adult learning and development function has been improved, Training and Development has incorporated experiential learning, Learning Organization concept focusses on how groups and organizations learn. (Education Application): Improved classroom learning through more appropriate learning opportunities, Classroom activities designed to offer learners chances to engage in suitable manner – shift from teacher dominated to participative learning environment, Educators can identify preferred learning style and application of experiential learning cycle, Use of better techniques like case study methods for real life learning scenarios.that there four different types of learners which must be taken into consideration when planning a teaching session as shown in figure 1 above. These include the activists, like learning situation that presents them with new challenges, problem solving, and role play and uses the first opportunity to experiment; reflector like brainstorming and learning activity that gives room for observation, thinking and reflecting on they have learned; theorist like to research into fact before taking it onboard, they prefer a step by step approach and pragmatis t like practical based learning and been given the opportunity to try out techniques and getting feedback in return. In view of fact that people have varied approach to learning considering the fact that its a group teaching. I intend to present my teaching to my mentor first to get feedback on whether I have considered all the four learners identified by both Kolb and Honey and MumfordBanduras Social Learning Theory Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory can be described as one of the most effective ways of learning and emphasizes the importance of observing and modelling the behaviours, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. Bandura suggests that observation, imitation, and modeling play a key role in the learning process. The social learning theory consists of three basic concepts. Observational learning is the first concept that suggests that people can learn through observation. There are three types of observational learning, including a live model, a verbal instructional model and a symbolic model. The live model involves a real individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior. The verbal instructional model involves descriptions and explanations of behaviour. The symbolic model involves either real or fictional characters displaying behaviours in books, films, television programs, or online media. The second concept, intrinsic reinforcement, states that internal mental states are essential to learning. Intrinsic reinforcement is a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. The third concept is the modelling process which suggests that just because learning takes place, a change in behaviour does not necessarily occur. It also suggests that not all observed behaviours are effectively learned and factors involving both the model and the learner can play a role in determining if social learning is successful or not. Steps involved in the observational learning and modeling process include attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.So why does Banduras Social Learning Theory matter? Banduras Social Learning Theory, specifically the concept of self-efficacy, highlights specific environments in which learners can best understand and develop their self-efficacy. Some specific strategies that I can develop and put into action in future sessions include: ensuring that the learning environment is non-threatening, create situations where learners can be successful and avoid putting them in situations in which they will fail, create a positive atmosphere t hat will not only help to reduce stress but also make it easier for learners to engage and learn, and create realistic standards of achievement. (Huitson, 2018) I believe we as instructors/teachers/trainers need to develop ways using this model to ensure each learner is learning the information, retaining the information learned and are then able to use what they have learned successfully and confidently going forward. In addition to this if we as instructors/teacher/trainers are effective in delivering what is required, it will only increase the learners motivation to continue to learn, and increase their want to learn. This demonstrates the core of Banduras Social Learning Theory, the concept of Self-Efficacy (Huitson, 2018). If we can be part of increasing and/or maintaining a learners level of Self-Efficacy we have set them up for success down the road to deal with challenges they may come across once their formal learning session is complete.Social learning theory has been applied extensively to the understanding of aggression (Bandura, 1973) and psychological disorders, particularly in the context of behavior modification (Bandura, 1969). It is also the theoretical foundation for the technique of behavior modeling which is widely used in training programs. In recent years, Bandura has focused his work on the concept of self-efficacy in a variety of contexts (e.g., Bandura, 1997). Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow developed a motivational theory, called the Hierarchy of Needs, which argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet continuously higher needs. The hierarchy has 5 levels and is typically presented as a pyramid. Maslow identified the five levels of needs as: physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The main concept behind this theory is that we have certain needs in order to learn and that these are hierarchical. We will not be successful at moving onto higher levels until we have been motivated through the lower levels. If our lower level needs are not met we cannot achieve the higher levels of self-actualization, meaning we will not reach our full potential. So why does Maslows Hierarchy of Needs matter? Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is prevalent in works on educational theory. Although usually presented as a hierarchy of needs many describe it as a way to understand how learners reach their potential and what barriers might exist to them getting there. The success of an educational intervention is influenced by the learners experiences, motivations, behaviours and psychology. As teachers we can do much to accommodate these things in order to make learning better. In his own words, Maslow (as cited in Green, 2000) identifies the variability: The specific form that these needs will take will of course vary greatly from person to person. This contributes to the already hefty task of fostering the want to master a skill in an individual – having to consider not only what is in your immediate power, but other potential barriers outside the immediate environment. The growth of self-actualization (Maslow, 1962) refers to the need for personal growth and discovery that is present throughout a persons life. For Maslow, a person is always becoming and never remains static in these terms. In self-actualization, a person comes to find a meaning to life that is important to them (McLeod, 2017, para. 17) Teachers and group leaders mainly deal with the four deprivation needs (physiological, safety, love and belonging, and self-esteem). Any efforts that you can make to contribute to these needs will greatly improve a learners ability to learn and achieve in your learning environment. Make sure that you take time to get to know your learners and understand their knowledge level and level on MaslowsHierarchy. By doing this, you will be in a better position to help learners move up the hierarchy. Often we must seek outside or governmental resources (for lower need-level learners) in order to help prepare learners for a learning situation. However, the more you understand the basic needs of each student, the more likely you are to help remove obstacles from learning so that learning can be enhanced and maximized. Using the 5 levels of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, I will be able to take into consideration certain strategies that I can use in future training. Some of the easier strategies that I can use include providing a comfortable classroom that includes suitable room temperatures and sufficient bathroom and drink breaks. In addition, I can provide well planned lessons and consistent expectations as well as offer an accepting and non-threatening attitude in the way the lesson is taught. These strategies address the physiological and safety needs. In order to address social needs I can create a classroom environment that requires mutual trust and provides opportunities for sharing through meetings, discussions and peer tutoring. I can ensure that I am listening to my students and being supportive. In order to address esteem needs some of the strategies that I can use include developing new knowledge based on background knowledge to help ensure success, take individual needs and abilities int o account when planning lessons, teaching using multiple modes of learning, and ensuring that I am alert to student difficulties so that I can intervene as soon as possible. The last need, the need for self-actualization, is much more challenging to have an impact on. However, I feel that there are some strategies that I can apply to help students achieve this growing need including, giving students freedom to explore and discover on their own, making the learning meaningful by connecting it to their own lives, and allowing students to get involved in creative activities ; projects. As adult educators it is crucial that we have a clear understanding of the different learning styles of our learners and make an effort to incorporate a range of teaching and learning strategies in order to appeal to these learners. Learners are fundamentally different and prefer different ways of learning. Teaching is an act of imparting knowledge, a purposeful intervention aimed at promoting learning and causing learning to happen.ConclusionPeople learn in different ways. They may have some adaptability in their learningstyles, but we seem to prefer certain ways of approac hing and working through learningsituations. We receive and process information in different ways. We think and decide indifferent ways. The more sensitive you are to the variations in your students? cognitivestyles and to your own cognitive, learning, and teaching styles, the more effective yourteaching will be ?